The design principles for fire sprinkler systems determine the quantity and type of sprinkler heads based on the area of the facility and the objects requiring fire protection.
Number of Sprinkler Heads
Generally, one sprinkler head is installed per 10–20 square meters in factory buildings and entertainment venues. Storage warehouses require a denser layout, with one sprinkler head installed per 5–10 square meters.
Selection of Types
Different sprinkler heads can be chosen based on the specific location:
Pendant Sprinkler Heads
Pendant sprinkler heads are the most widely used type. They are suspended from the supply branch pipe and produce a parabolic spray pattern, directing 80–100% of the total water flow toward the floor. They are primarily used in areas where aesthetics are not a concern, such as workshops, warehouses, parking garages, and kitchens.
Upright Sprinklers
Suitable for areas with frequent moving objects or collision risks, such as warehouses. They can also be concealed within ceiling cavities to protect combustible ceiling materials.
Vertical sprinkler heads are mounted upright on supply branch pipes. They produce a parabolic spray pattern, directing 80–100% of the total water volume downward while also spraying a portion toward the ceiling.
Standard sprinkler heads
Suitable for restaurants, stores, warehouses, underground garages, and similar locations. Standard sprinkler heads can be mounted directly or suspended from the sprinkler network. They discharge 40%–60% of the total water volume downward, with a significant portion directed toward the ceiling.
Wall-mounted sprinkler heads
Suitable for locations with challenging piping layouts, wall-mounted sprinkler heads are installed flush against walls. Primarily used in low-hazard areas of buildings such as offices, lobbies, lounges, corridors, and guest rooms.
